Discover the Terracotta Warriors in Xi’an: A Complete Guide to China’s Ancient Army

Xi’an, one of China’s ancient capitals, is home to one of the world’s most significant archaeological discoveries—the Terracotta Army. This guide will take you through everything you need to know about the Terracotta Warriors, from their historical significance to how to visit them.

{TopLinks}

Introduction
As one of the Eight Wonders of the World and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Terracotta Warriors in Xi’an are part of Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s mausoleum complex. They stand as a testament to the Qin Dynasty’s military might and splendid civilization. This guide offers a comprehensive overview of the archaeological marvel—covering historical context, practical visiting tips, and in-depth experiences—to make your trip both informative and engaging, helping you unravel the legend of the "underground army" from over 2,000 years ago.

Website: https://bmy.com.cn/index.html
Address: Qinling North Road, Lintong District, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province.

Historical Background & Significance
1. The Discovery of the Terracotta Army
In the spring of 1974, villagers in Xiahe Village, Lishan Town, Lintong County, Shaanxi Province, were facing a severe drought. To irrigate their farmland, 13 villagers voluntarily organized to dig a well in the persimmon orchard south of the village. When they dug to a depth of about 5 meters, their hoes suddenly hit a hard object—at first thought to be a stone, but after careful cleaning, they discovered a clay human head and half a limb. These mud-stained terracotta fragments, with mottled colors and lifelike features, were unlike any cultural relics the villagers had ever seen.

The news spread quickly, attracting the attention of local cultural relics authorities. An archaeological team was immediately dispatched to the site. After preliminary exploration, a world-shaking archaeological discovery gradually emerged: this was not an isolated terracotta figure, but a large-scale burial pit filled with thousands of neatly arranged terracotta warriors and horses. As excavation work progressed, Pit 1, Pit 2, and Pit 3 were successively discovered, while Pit 4 was left unfinished and abandoned due to the outbreak of peasant uprisings at the end of the Qin Dynasty.

During the excavation, archaeologists overcame numerous difficulties. Having been buried underground for millennia, the terracotta warriors were highly susceptible to oxidation upon excavation—their originally vivid painted colors faded rapidly when exposed to air. To protect the cultural relics, experts developed advanced conservation technologies, including on-site reinforcement, dehydration, and paint preservation for the unearthed warriors. On October 1, 1979, the Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s Mausoleum Museum officially opened to the public, showcasing this archaeological marvel to the world. In 1987, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and the Terracotta Army Pits were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, becoming a common cultural treasure of humanity. Today, archaeological excavations continue, with new cultural relics and historical information constantly emerging, helping us uncover the mysteries of the Qin Dynasty.

2. Historical Context of the Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty (221-207 BCE) was China’s first unified feudal dynasty, founded by Emperor Qin Shi Huang after unifying the warring states. To consolidate his rule, the dynasty implemented pivotal reforms—standardizing weights, measures, writing, currency, and establishing a prefecture-county system—laying the foundation for centralized governance.

Construction of the Terracotta Warriors began in 246 BCE (when Qin Shi Huang ascended the throne) and took 39 years to complete. It served as a funerary project to guard his mausoleum and demonstrate imperial power and military prowess after his death. As a concentrated reflection of Qin’s military system and craftsmanship, the warriors’ neat formation mirrored the Qin army’s combined "chariot, infantry, and cavalry" combat structure, while the realistic "thousands of unique faces" showcased the era’s advanced handicraft skills—making them a crucial material relic testifying to the Qin Dynasty’s prosperity and civilization.

3. Cultural & Archaeological Significance
As the world’s largest and best-preserved ancient terracotta army, the Terracotta Warriors serve as core material evidence for studying the Qin Dynasty’s military organization, sculptural art, and metallurgical technology. Their realistic "thousands of unique faces" and precise military formation directly reflect the artistic standards and military system of the Qin Dynasty; meanwhile, the rust-proofing techniques of unearthed weapons and the firing technology of terracotta figures are vivid examples of ancient China’s scientific and technological wisdom.

As a core symbol of Chinese civilization, the Terracotta Warriors are not only a treasure of UNESCO World Heritage but also a key bridge for cultural exchange between China and the world. They allow global visitors to intuitively experience the splendor and depth of ancient Chinese civilization, boasting irreplaceable historical and artistic value.

Main Area
The Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s Mausoleum Museum consists of two parts: the Qin Shi Huang’s Mausoleum Archaeological Site Park (Lishan Garden) and Terracotta Army Museum, covering a total area of 56.25 square kilometers. The core tourist area is concentrated in the Terracotta Army Museum, distributed in a triangular layout. The three pit halls, the Bronze Chariots and Horses Museum, and the Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s Mausoleum Relic Exhibition Hall are accessible on foot, making the tour route very convenient.

A. Terracotta Army Museum Core Exhibition: The 3 Pits & Bronze Chariots
a. Pit 1 – The Main Infantry Army (Largest & Most Grand)
1. Size & Formation: Main Battle Formation
As the largest and most iconic pit among the three, Pit 1 covers an area of approximately 14,260 square meters (about 1.9 football fields), with a depth of 5 meters. Its layout strictly follows the real military formation of the Qin Dynasty, presenting a grand rectangular infantry phalanx that stretches from east to west. The formation is divided into three parts: the vanguard (front-line infantry), the main force (mass infantry), and the flanks (protective troops), perfectly replicating how the Qin army marched and fought in real battles. This arrangement not only reflects the strict military discipline of the Qin Dynasty but also showcases the advanced military strategy of the time—focusing on centralized command and coordinated operations.

2. Number of Figures: Over 6,000 Warriors & Horses
To date, more than 6,000 terracotta warriors and 100+ terracotta horses have been unearthed in Pit 1, and archaeological surveys show that there are still undiscovered figures buried underground. All warriors are life-sized, ranging from 1.75 meters to 1.95 meters in height, which is consistent with the average height of Qin soldiers. The horses are also modeled after real warhorses, about 1.5 meters tall and 2 meters long, with strong muscles and vivid postures, showing the valiant spirit of Qin warhorses.

3. Highlights: Restored Warriors, Front-Line Infantry, Chariot Teams
The most striking highlight is the restored warrior formation in the central area of the pit. After decades of archaeological restoration, these warriors stand neatly, wearing different armors and holding various weapons (such as spears, swords, and halberds), with clear facial expressions and distinct personalities. The front-line infantry, located at the eastern end of the pit, are light-armored soldiers who were responsible for probing the enemy and opening the way for the main force—their postures are agile, and their eyes are sharp, as if they are ready to charge at any time. The chariot teams, scattered in the main force, consist of 4 horses and 3 warriors per chariot (a driver, an archer, and a spearman), which were the core combat units of the Qin army, symbolizing power and status.

4. Best Viewing Platforms
There are two viewing platforms built around Pit 1, designed to help visitors fully appreciate the grandeur of the formation. The East Viewing Platform is ideal for viewing the entire front-line infantry and the left flank of the formation, where you can clearly see the neat arrangement of the vanguard. The West Viewing Platform offers a panoramic view of the main force and chariot teams, allowing you to feel the momentum of the Qin army’s main battle formation. It is recommended to visit the East Platform first to understand the "vanguard" role, then move to the West Platform to experience the grandeur of the entire army—avoiding the peak crowd at noon for a better viewing experience.

* Key Exhibits from Pit 1:
· Qin Bronze Ge (Ancient Chinese Dagger-Axe)
Overall length: 26.70 cm; blade length: 16.40 cm; shank length: 12.80 cm; tang length: 10.00 cm. Unearthed from Pit 1 of the Terracotta Army. As a hooking and pecking weapon, some of the bronze ge unearthed from the Terracotta Army pits are inscribed with small seal script characters. Most inscriptions are serial numbers, while a few include dating, supervisors, and craftsmen's names. Collected by the Emperor Qinshihuang's Mausoleum Site Museum.
· Qin Lower-Ranking Military Officer Terracotta Warrior
A Qin Dynasty pottery artifact with an overall height of 189.00—191.00 cm, unearthed from Pit 1 of the Terracotta Army. The lower-ranking military officer warriors wear a single-plate long crown. Some are light infantry without armor, while others are heavy infantry clad in armor—though their armor lacks painted patterns. They hold a sword in one hand and long weapons such as spears or ge (dagger-axes) in the other. Collected by the Emperor Qinshihuang's Mausoleum Site Museum.

b. Pit 2 – The Elite Mixed Forces (Most Exquisite)
1. Combined Units: Cavalry, Archers, Chariots, Infantry
Unlike the single infantry formation of Pit 1, Pit 2 is a mixed elite unit that integrates multiple arms, covering an area of about 6,000 square meters. It is divided into four functional areas: the archer area, the cavalry area, the chariot area, and the infantry area, which is a microcosm of the Qin army’s "multi-arms coordinated combat" strategy. This formation was designed to deal with complex battlefields—archers attacked from a distance, cavalry pursued the enemy, chariots broke through the enemy’s formation, and infantry cleaned up the remaining enemies, forming a complete combat system.

2. Star Exhibits: General Figurine, Kneeling Archer, Cavalry Warriors
Pit 2 is known as the "treasure house of terracotta statues" because of its exquisitely crafted figures, among which three are the most famous. The General Figurine, unearthed in the chariot area, is about 1.9 meters tall, wearing a double-layered armor with delicate patterns, and has a calm and majestic expression—its posture (hands crossed in front of the chest) shows the dignity and authority of a high-ranking military officer. The Kneeling Archer is a masterpiece of Qin art: the figure kneels on one knee, with his left hand holding the bow and his right hand pulling the string, his body slightly leaning forward, and his eyes staring at the front, as if he is about to shoot an arrow—every detail, from the wrinkles on his clothes to the calluses on his hands, is vividly carved. The Cavalry Warriors, dressed in light armor and riding on terracotta horses, have a lean and agile figure, reflecting the Qin army’s advanced cavalry tactics.

3. Highest Artistic & Archaeological Value
Pit 2 has the highest artistic value because its figures are more delicate and diverse than those in Pit 1—each figure has a unique facial expression, hairstyle, and costume, fully embodying the "no two faces are the same" feature of the Terracotta Army. From an archaeological perspective, it provides key evidence for studying the Qin army’s multi-arms system: the cavalry here is the earliest mature cavalry unit discovered in ancient China, proving that the Qin Dynasty had already mastered advanced cavalry tactics. In addition, the weapons unearthed in Pit 2 (such as bronze swords and crossbows) are well-preserved, showing the superb smelting technology of the Qin Dynasty.

* Key Exhibits from Pit 2:
· Qin Kui Dragon Pattern Large Eaves Tile
This exhibit is a pottery artifact from the Qin Dynasty, serving as a building material. Unearthed from the site of the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang's bedroom hall, the kui dragon pattern eaves tile is semicircular in shape, with a remaining semicircular tile of 32 cm in length attached to its back. The front of the eaves tile is decorated with kui dragon patterns, whose square and rigid lines fully convey the powerful and grand aesthetic of the Qin Empire. This kui dragon pattern eaves tile conveys important information to people, providing intuitive physical evidence for understanding the scale of the entire mausoleum complex. It is currently collected by the Emperor Qinshihuang's Mausoleum Site Museum.
· Qin Mounted Cavalry Terracotta Warrior
A pottery artifact from the Qin Dynasty, unearthed from Pit 2 of the Terracotta Army. The Qin people rose to power through horse breeding, and a large number of pottery horses and real horses have been found as burial accompaniments in the Qin Mausoleum area—reflecting their great attention to and affection for horses. The mounted cavalry terracotta warriors depict the images of Qin Dynasty cavalrymen and warhorses: the cavalrymen are compact and robust, while the warhorses are strong and powerful. This indicates that as an emerging military branch, the Qin cavalry must have had very strict selection criteria. These artifacts serve as important physical evidence for the study of ancient military history. Collected by the Emperor Qinshihuang's Mausoleum Site Museum.

c. Pit 3 – The Command Center (Military Headquarters)
1. Smallest but Most Important
Pit 3 is the smallest of the three, covering only about 520 square meters, but it is the most important one because it is the command center (military headquarters) of the entire Terracotta Army. Unlike the grand battle formations of Pit 1 and Pit 2, Pit 3 has no large-scale troop formation—only 68 terracotta figures and 1 chariot have been unearthed, but these figures are all high-ranking military officers and attendants, indicating that this is the place where military orders were issued and combat plans were formulated.

2. Command Structure & Ancient Military Tactics
The layout of Pit 3 simulates a "military tent" in the Qin army: the chariot is placed in the center, surrounded by high-ranking officers (generals and adjutants) and attendants. The officers are arranged in a circle, as if they are holding a military meeting to discuss combat strategies. This layout reflects the strict command structure of the Qin army: the general is in charge of the overall command, the adjutants assist in conveying orders, and the attendants are responsible for logistics and security. From the posture of the figures, we can also infer the ancient military tactics of the Qin Dynasty—emphasizing centralized command, clear division of labor, and close cooperation between different arms.

3. Symbol of Command System in Qin Army
Pit 3 is not only a physical command center but also a symbol of the Qin army’s sophisticated command system. In ancient China, the command system was the core of the army’s combat effectiveness, and the Qin Dynasty’s command system was one of the most advanced in the world at that time. Pit 3’s existence proves that the Terracotta Army is not a random collection of figures, but a well-organized, strictly hierarchical military unit that fully replicates the real Qin army’s command and combat system. For international visitors, this is a key point to understand the military strength of the Qin Dynasty.

* Key Exhibits from Pit 3:
· Four-Horse Chariot
Unearthed from Pit 3 of the Terracotta Army, this chariot is accompanied by 4 terracotta figures standing in two rows: the front row is the charioteer, the middle of the back row is a military officer, and the two sides are chariot soldiers. The military officer wears chest armor with colored borders and a double-plate long crown; the other 3 figures are all clad in armor and wear single-plate long crowns. Judging from the remains of the four-horse chariot unearthed from Pit 3, the chariot was decorated with painted patterns and drawn by four horses, indicating that it held a high rank. Based on its excavation location, the chariot occupied a special status and function.
· Shu (Ancient Chinese Mace)
The shu is a striking weapon. Few physical examples have been discovered in previous findings, and their styles vary. A total of 31 pieces were unearthed from Pits 1 and 3 of the Terracotta Army, all cylindrical in shape with a triangular pyramidal head. They are generally 10.5 to 10.6 cm in length, 2.3 to 2.5 cm in diameter, and have a socket depth of 8.9 cm, designed for attaching a wooden handle. No weapons of this specific form have been recorded in historical documents, leading scholars to infer that they are the "shu" mentioned in ancient texts. Historical records describe the shu as an angular, blade-less weapon used solely for striking, not for thrusting or stabbing. However, the shu unearthed from the Terracotta Army pits represent just one variant of this weapon. Compared to weapons like the ge (dagger-axe), ji (halberd), and mao (spear), the shu could neither thrust, stab, nor hook, making it a relatively primitive weapon. During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, the shu was primarily used as a ceremonial implement rather than a practical combat weapon.

d. Pit 3 – The Command Center (Military Headquarters)
1. Two Sets of Bronze Chariots: No.1 & No.2
Unearthed 20 meters west of Pit 1, the two sets of bronze chariots (known as No.1 and No.2 Bronze Chariots) are the most precious cultural relics in the Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s Mausoleum Site Museum. They are 1:2 scale replicas of the real imperial chariots used by Qin Shi Huang, with a total weight of over 2 tons. No.1 Bronze Chariot (also called "Defense Chariot") is 2.25 meters long and 1.07 meters tall, with a canopy to protect the rider from wind and rain; No.2 Bronze Chariot (also called "Honor Chariot") is 3.17 meters long and 1.06 meters tall, with a more exquisite structure and richer decorations, which was used for the emperor’s ceremonial activities.

2. Details: Wheels, Harness, Decorations, Craftsmanship
Every detail of the bronze chariots reflects the pinnacle of Qin Dynasty’s craftsmanship. The wheels are made of bronze, with 30 spokes each—each spoke is evenly spaced, and the surface is polished smooth, showing precise mathematical and mechanical knowledge. The harness is composed of 1,500+ bronze parts, including collars, reins, and buckles, which are connected tightly and can move flexibly, just like real horse harnesses. The decorations on the chariots are extremely delicate: there are cloud patterns, animal patterns, and imperial symbols carved on the canopy, body, and wheels, all of which are lifelike. The most amazing thing is the "gilding and silvering" craftsmanship—most parts of the chariots are gilded or silvered, which not only makes the chariots look magnificent but also prevents corrosion, ensuring that they can be preserved for more than 2,200 years.

3. Known as “the Crown of Ancient Bronze Art”
The bronze chariots are hailed as "the crown of ancient bronze art" because they integrate casting, forging, gilding, silvering, and carving techniques, reaching the highest level of bronze craftsmanship in ancient China. Before their discovery, the world did not know that the Qin Dynasty had such advanced bronze technology—they are not only works of art but also "living fossils" for studying the Qin Dynasty’s transportation, handicrafts, and imperial etiquette. For international visitors, viewing the bronze chariots up close is a rare opportunity to appreciate the wisdom and craftsmanship of ancient Chinese artisans.

e. Museum  Facilities
1. Tourist Center
Located at the entrance of the scenic area, it is the first stop for tourists. The tourist center is equipped with an information desk, ticket windows, luggage storage, wheelchair and stroller rental, and a medical service station. Staff at the information desk provide scenic area introductions, tour route recommendations, transportation information inquiries, and other services. The luggage storage provides free storage service, allowing tourists to store large luggage here for a relaxed tour. Wheelchairs and strollers can be rented for 50 RMB per unit, with a deposit required, which is refunded upon return.

2. Catering Facilities
There are multiple restaurants and snack stalls in the scenic area, distributed near the tourist center and around the core tourist area. Restaurants offer Chinese fast food, Shaanxi specialty cuisine (such as oil-splashed noodles, roujiamo, biangbiang noodles, etc.), and set meals, with relatively high prices—per capita consumption is about 50-80 RMB. Snack stalls sell mineral water, beverages, snacks, sausages, and other foods at more affordable prices: mineral water is 5 RMB per bottle, and sausages are 10 RMB each. In addition, there are convenience stores in the scenic area selling various foods and daily necessities, convenient for tourists to replenish supplies.

3. Shopping Facilities
There are multiple souvenir shops in the scenic area, mainly selling Terracotta Warrior replicas, Qin culture-themed crafts, books, postcards, and other products. Among them, the museum’s official shop offers high-quality products at reasonable prices, making it the preferred choice for purchasing souvenirs. Vendors around the scenic area also sell some souvenirs, but the quality varies—tourists should choose carefully.

4. Sanitation Facilities
Restrooms are densely distributed in the scenic area, with restrooms near each attraction, all free of charge. The restrooms are equipped with sinks, hand sanitizer, paper towels, and other items, and cleaners regularly clean to maintain a tidy environment. Mother-and-baby rooms are located in the restrooms of the tourist center and core tourist area, providing baby changing tables, nursing chairs, bottle warmers, and other facilities for mother-and-baby tourists.

Highly Recommended Private Half-Day Xi'an Terracotta Warriors Tour with Optional Morning or Afternoon Departure Beijing to Xi'an 1 Day Tour: Day Trip to Terracotta Warriors From Beijing by Bullet Train

B. Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang & Li Shan Garden
As the core zone of Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s Mausoleum Site Museum, Li Shan Garden (historically known as the "Lishan Garden" of the Qin Dynasty) is the true heart of the entire imperial mausoleum complex, in contrast to the Terracotta Warriors pits which are its eastern peripheral burial pits. This section provides a comprehensive guide to the relationship between the warriors and the main mausoleum, seamless transportation between the two sites, must-see highlights, and optimized visiting routes tailored for international travelers.

a. The Connection Between the Terracotta Warriors and the Main Mausoleum
The Terracotta Warriors are not an independent attraction but an integral part of the grand design of Qin Shi Huang’s Mausoleum, embodying the ancient Chinese concept of "treating the afterlife as one treats the present" (Shi Si Ru Shi Sheng). This connection can be understood from three critical perspectives:

1. Spatial & Hierarchical Layout
The Terracotta Warriors pits are located 1.5 kilometers east of the main mausoleum’s tumulus, outside the outer city wall of Li Shan Garden. In the Qin Dynasty’s mausoleum planning, the main tumulus was the "imperial palace" where the emperor’s soul resided, while the warriors were the "royal guard army" stationed outside the capital to defend the eastern approaches—the direction from which the Qin Dynasty unified the six kingdoms and the most likely route of potential threats. This layout strictly follows the real political and military hierarchy of the time, with the main mausoleum as the absolute center and the warriors as its loyal peripheral defense.

2. Functional Positioning
The Terracotta Army was created to serve three core functions for the emperor in the afterlife:

* Military Defense: To guard the imperial mausoleum against evil spirits and potential enemies in the underworld.

* Symbol of Imperial Power: To display the invincible military might of the Qin Dynasty, which unified China.

* Practical Service: To accompany the emperor on his spiritual tours and maintain the order of his underground kingdom.

Notably, the Terracotta Warriors are just 3 of the more than 180 discovered burial pits in the entire mausoleum complex. Li Shan Garden also houses pits containing stone armor, bronze waterfowl, acrobatic figurines, and court officials—all of which together form a complete "underground empire" that mirrors the real world of Qin Shi Huang’s reign.

3. Archaeological Unity
Both the Terracotta Warriors and the main mausoleum were constructed during the same period (246–206 BCE) using the same imperial engineering standards. The discovery of similar construction techniques, materials, and craftsmanship in both areas confirms that they were part of a single, massive royal project, overseen by the highest levels of the Qin government.

b. Free Shuttle Bus: Seamless Connection Between Two Sites
To facilitate travel between the Terracotta Warriors Museum and Li Shan Garden, the museum operates a free, official shuttle bus service for all ticket holders—no additional reservation or fee is required. This service is designed to make your visit efficient and hassle-free, with the following key details:

1. Operating Hours (Aligned with Museum Opening Hours)
* Regular Season (Mar–Nov): 8:00 – 18:00 (last departure from Warriors Museum: 16:55; last departure from Li Shan Garden: 18:00)

* Off-Season (Dec–Feb): 8:30 – 17:30 (last departure from Warriors Museum: 16:30; last departure from Li Shan Garden: 17:30)

2. Pick-Up/Drop-Off Points
* Terracotta Warriors Museum: East Parking Lot of the Ticket Office (clearly marked with "Li Shan Garden Shuttle Bus" in English and Chinese)

* Li Shan Garden: East Gate Parking Lot (directly opposite the main entrance of the cultural relics exhibition hall)

3. Service Frequency
* Peak Periods (Weekends, Chinese National Holidays, Spring/Autumn Travel Seasons): Every 5–10 minutes

• * Regular Periods: Every 15–20 minutes

4. Important Tips
* Valid Ticket Required: You must show your valid Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s Mausoleum Site Museum ticket (physical or electronic) to board.

* No Reserved Seats: The shuttle bus is on a first-come, first-served basis; it is recommended to board early during peak hours to avoid long waits.

* Luggage Allowed: The bus has space for small luggage and strollers, making it convenient for families and independent travelers.

c. Key Highlights: Imperial Tomb Mound & Cultural Relics Exhibitions
Li Shan Garden offers two unparalleled highlights that cannot be experienced at the Terracotta Warriors pits: the iconic Imperial Tomb Mound and the state-of-the-art Cultural Relics Exhibition Hall (which now houses the famous Bronze Chariots, hailed as "the crown of ancient bronze art").

1. Imperial Tomb Mound (The Eternal Throne)
The Imperial Tomb Mound is the physical core of Li Shan Garden and the final resting place of Qin Shi Huang. It is a massive earthen pyramid with a square base, embodying the ancient Chinese philosophy of "Heaven is round, Earth is square".

• * Dimensions: The original height (2200 years ago) was approximately 115 meters (50 zhang in ancient measurements), and the base had a circumference of about 2.5 kilometers. After over two millennia of wind, rain, and erosion, the current height is about 87 meters, with a base area of 120,000 square meters (345 meters east-west, 350 meters north-south).

• * Structural Design: The tumulus has a flat top and a stepped waist, covered with dense vegetation. It is surrounded by the inner and outer city walls of the mausoleum, with the inner city wall enclosing the tumulus and the outer city wall forming a larger protective perimeter.

• * Best Viewing Spots:
  · South Viewing Platform: Offers a panoramic view of the tumulus and the backdrop of the Lishan Mountains, creating a stunning contrast between human engineering and natural scenery.

• · East Viewing Platform: Allows you to see the alignment between the tumulus and the Terracotta Warriors pits to the east, visualizing the "defensive line" of the underground army.

• * Symbolic Meaning: The tumulus represents the supreme power of the First Emperor of China. Its grand scale and central position in the complex reflect the Qin Dynasty’s emphasis on centralization and imperial authority.

2. Cultural Relics Exhibition Hall (Treasures of the Underground Empire)
The Cultural Relics Exhibition Hall of Li Shan Garden is a modern, climate-controlled museum that houses over 1,000 precious cultural relics unearthed from the main mausoleum area, divided into eight thematic units. These artifacts form a vivid complement to the Terracotta Warriors, offering a 360-degree view of the Qin Dynasty’s material civilization, military system, court life, and imperial etiquette. Below are the star exhibits that define this hall:

* Military Equipment: Stone Armor & Helmets
Unearthed from the K9801 Stone Armor Pit, these exquisitely crafted defensive artifacts rewrite the historical narrative that "helmets did not exist in the Qin Dynasty". Each set of stone armor is composed of 600 to 800 thin stone pieces, and a complete stone helmet uses 72 pieces, all linked together with flat copper wires to ensure flexibility and protection. To date, more than 87 suits of stone armor and 43 stone helmets have been unearthed, making this the first large-scale discovery of stone military attire in Chinese archaeological history. These relics not only showcase the Qin Dynasty’s advanced stone processing technology but also provide crucial physical evidence for studying the military equipment system and funeral rituals of the Qin army.

* Court Entertainment: Acrobatic Figurines (Baixi Yong)
Discovered in the K9901 Acrobatics Figurine Pit, these life-sized terracotta figurines depict artists performing acrobatics, magic, and music for the imperial court. The figurines stand at heights ranging from 152 cm to 181 cm, each captured in a dynamic and vivid pose—some stand on one leg, some raise their arms high, and others kneel in performance postures. One of the figurines even bears an inscribed mark "Xianyang Qin" on its arm, indicating its connection to the imperial capital’s artisans. These artifacts are rare surviving evidence of the vibrant entertainment culture in the Qin imperial court, revealing that the First Emperor’s afterlife kingdom also included recreational activities mirroring the mortal world.

* Royal Garden: Bronze Waterfowl
Unearthed from the K0007 Bronze Waterfowl Pit, a total of 46 life-sized bronze birds—including 20 swans, 20 cranes, and 6 wild geese—are displayed here. Crafted with meticulous realism, these waterfowl feature natural postures: standing swans with cloud-patterned foot pedals, and crouching swans with necks curved as if foraging. Made using the lost-wax casting method, the birds are cast in one piece for the main body, with detachable pedals connected via mortise and tenon structures. The pit was designed to simulate a royal lake in the afterlife, and these artifacts not only demonstrate the Qin Dynasty’s mastery of bronze casting but also reflect the emperor’s love for nature and the elaborate design of his underground garden.

3. Recommended Visit Duration & Routes
Li Shan Garden is designed for both quick visits and in-depth exploration. The museum recommends 1.5 to 3 hours for this area, depending on your interests. Below are three optimized routes tailored to different types of international travelers:

* Route 1: Quick Tour (1.5 Hours) – For Time-Constrained Visitors
· Ideal for: Travelers with a tight schedule who want to see the essential highlights.

- Board the shuttle bus at the Terracotta Warriors Museum and arrive at Li Shan Garden’s East Gate.
- Visit the Cultural Relics Exhibition Hall (focus on the Bronze Chariots and Stone Armor).
- Walk to the South Viewing Platform to admire the Imperial Tomb Mound and Lishan Mountain backdrop.
- Return to the East Gate via the central path and take the shuttle bus back to the Terracotta Warriors Museum.

* Route 2: Classic Tour (2.5 Hours) – For Most International Travelers
· Ideal for: Culture lovers who want a balanced experience of history and architecture.

- Arrive at Li Shan Garden’s East Gate and visit the Cultural Relics Exhibition Hall (explore all key exhibits, including the Bronze Chariots, Acrobatic Figurines, and Bronze Waterfowl).
- Walk west to the Imperial Tomb Mound and visit both the South and East Viewing Platforms.
- Stroll along the Inner City Wall Path (10-minute walk) to see the foundation remains of the ancient imperial palace.
- Rest at the Central Service Area (with English signage, restrooms, and water fountains).
- Take the shuttle bus back to the Terracotta Warriors Museum.

* Route 3: In-Depth Archaeological Tour (4+ Hours) – For History Enthusiasts
· Ideal for: Archaeological buffs and serious travelers who want to explore hidden gems.

- Start with the Cultural Relics Exhibition Hall (read the English explanations in detail and watch the 15-minute documentary about the mausoleum’s excavation).
- Visit the Imperial Tomb Mound (all viewing platforms) and the Stone Armor Pit (an open-air archaeological site).
- Explore the Acrobatic Figurine Pit and Bronze Waterfowl Pit (two key open-air exhibition sites).
- Walk along the Outer City Wall Ruins to see the scale of the entire mausoleum complex.
- Have lunch at the Li Shan Garden Restaurant (offers Western and Chinese cuisine, with English menus).
- Take the late shuttle bus back to the Terracotta Warriors Museum.

* Pro Tip for All Routes: Visit Li Shan Garden in the afternoon (14:00–17:00) during peak seasons. This not only avoids the morning crowds at the Terracotta Warriors pits but also allows you to enjoy the soft golden light on the Imperial Tomb Mound as the sun sets.

Xi'an Day Tour Package: Remarkable Terracotta Warriors & Enchanting Song of Everlasting Sorrow Performance Discover Xi'an in 2 Days Private Tour Featuring Terracotta Warriors & Grand Tang Dynasty Ever Bright City

Deep Art & Craftsmanship: Why No Two Warriors Are the Same
One of the most breathtaking wonders of the Terracotta Warriors is their unique individuality—"no two faces are the same". This amazing feat stems from the Qin Dynasty’s advanced craftsmanship, strict production standards, and the artisans’ meticulous attention to detail, closely linked to the exquisite Bronze Chariots, hailed as the "crown of ancient bronze art".

1. Unique Facial Features, Hairstyles, Expressions & Gestures
From facial details to hand gestures, every warrior tells a unique story. Modeled after real Qin soldiers from all corners of the empire, their hairstyles and gestures vary with military ranks and roles—testament to the artisans’ dedication to realism.

2. Complete Production Process: Molding — Firing — Assembling — Painting
The creation of these warriors followed four strict, sophisticated steps: standardized molds for bodies, hand-carved personalized heads; high-temperature firing at 800–1000°C; assembly of separate parts; and vibrant painting to bring the Qin army to life.

3. Original Colorful Painting: Why Most Colors Faded
A heartbreaking mystery: the warriors’ original bright colors faded quickly after excavation. This is mainly due to three factors: deteriorating organic animal glue binder, sudden exposure to sunlight and oxygen, and the fragile clay surface.

4. Military Rank Identification from Outfits & Armor
You can easily identify military ranks by their outfits and armor: generals wore luxurious silk and double-layered armor, while ordinary soldiers wore coarse linen and light armor—revealing the Qin army’s strict hierarchy.

5. Differences Between Warriors, Generals, Archers & Cavalry
Each arm of the Qin army has distinct features: majestic generals in double-layered armor, resolute infantry holding weapons, flexible archers (standing or kneeling), and cavalry in tight clothes for swift riding.

6. Ancient Casting Technology & Engineering Level
Qin’s craftsmanship shines through both the Terracotta Warriors and Bronze Chariots. High-temperature firing and segmented molding ensured the warriors’ durability; the Bronze Chariots, with lost-wax casting and gilding, showcased cutting-edge bronze technology—all overseen by strict quality inspections.

Practical Visiting Guide
A. Best Time to Visit
1. Best Seasons: Spring (March-May) and Autumn (September-November)
* Spring (March-May)
Xi’an enjoys pleasant weather in spring, with temperatures ranging from 10 Celsius to 25 Celsius. As flowers bloom and nature revives, it is an ideal time to visit the Terracotta Warriors. At this time, trees in the scenic area begin to bud and flowers bloom, contrasting beautifully with the ancient terracotta warriors, creating a picturesque scene. Additionally, there are relatively few tourists in spring, offering a comfortable visiting environment perfect for photography and in-depth experiences.

* Autumn (September-November)
Xi’an’s autumn is characterized by clear skies, fresh air, and temperatures between 15 Celsius and 28 Celsius. With abundant sunshine and stable weather, it is another excellent season for visiting. Rainfall is scarce in autumn, making it ideal for outdoor activities. Persimmon trees in the scenic area are laden with red persimmons, adding a vibrant touch to the landscape. Although there are slightly more tourists than in spring, autumn remains a great time to visit and enjoy a quality experience.

2. Seasons to Avoid: Summer (July-August) and Winter (December-February)
* Summer (July-August)
Xi’an experiences hot and rainy weather in summer, with temperatures soaring to 30 Celsius-38 Celsius and high humidity, leading to a stuffy feeling. The ruins halls in the scenic area are open-air structures with limited ventilation, making visits uncomfortable during the heat. Furthermore, summer is the peak tourist season due to school vacations, resulting in a surge in visitors. Long queues are common, and the overall visiting experience can be compromised.

* Winter (December-February)
Xi’an’s winters are cold and dry, with temperatures ranging from -5 Celsius to 10 Celsius and biting winds. While there are fewer tourists, the low temperatures can make sightseeing inconvenient, especially for prolonged outdoor walks. Additionally, the scenic area’s trees are bare in winter, creating a monotonous landscape lacking the beauty of spring and autumn.

3. Best Daily Times: 8:30-10:00 AM and 2:00-4:00 PM
* 8:30-10:00 AM
This is shortly after the scenic area opens, with the fewest tourists and the quietest visiting environment. The soft morning light is ideal for photography, allowing you to capture clear, bright images. Moreover, visitors are typically more energetic in the morning, enabling them to better appreciate and understand the historical and cultural connotations of the Terracotta Warriors.

* 2:00-4:00 PM
This time slot avoids the midday heat and the morning tour group rush, with relatively fewer tourists. The side lighting in the afternoon highlights the three-dimensional features and details of the terracotta warriors, making it another great time for photography. Additionally, the temperature is cooler in the afternoon, ensuring a more comfortable visit.

4. Times to Avoid: 11:00 AM-1:00 PM and After 5:00 PM
* 11:00 AM-1:00 PM
Direct sunlight during this period is intense, often leading to overexposed photos. The high temperatures can also leave visitors feeling fatigued. Furthermore, this is the peak time for tour groups, resulting in overcrowding and long queues, which can significantly impact the visiting experience.

* After 5:00 PM
The scenic area is close to closing, and staff begin preparing for clearance, limiting visitors’ viewing time. As light fades in the evening, it becomes difficult to appreciate the details of the cultural relics and take quality photos. It is recommended that visitors complete their tour at least 1 hour before closing.

5. Special Periods: Holidays and Night Exhibitions
* Holidays
Public holidays such as Spring Festival, National Day, and May Day are peak tourist seasons, with a sharp increase in visitors—even crowd control measures may be implemented. It is advisable to avoid visiting during these periods. If you must travel during holidays, book tickets 3-5 days in advance and arrive early to minimize waiting time.

* Night Exhibitions
During select holidays (e.g., Mid-Autumn Festival, National Day), the scenic area offers "Night Tour of the Terracotta Army" activities. Visitors can explore the Terracotta Warriors at night, experiencing the charm of the formation under special lighting. Night exhibitions require separate reservations and higher ticket prices but offer a unique experience, ideal for travelers seeking off-the-beaten-path adventures.

B. Ticket & Opening Hours
1. Ticket Types and Prices
The Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s Mausoleum Museum implements a combined ticket system, including access to both the Terracotta Army Museum and Lishan Garden, priced at 120 RMB per person. Preferential policies are as follows:

* Half-Price Discount: Applicable to seniors aged 65 and above (with valid ID), minors aged 6 (excl.) to 18 (incl.) (with valid ID), and full-time students at the undergraduate level and below (with student ID). The discounted price is 60 RMB per person.

* Free Admission: Applicable to children aged 6 and below or under 1.4 meters tall, active military personnel, people with disabilities, and retired cadres (with valid ID).

* Notes: Discounted and free tickets must be redeemed at the scenic area ticket office with valid ID; online reservations are not available. The combined ticket is valid for 24 hours—visitors must complete visits to both the Terracotta Army Museum and Lishan Garden within 24 hours of purchase, otherwise, the ticket will expire.

2. Ticket Purchase Process
* Method 1: Official museum ticket website: http://bmy.com.cn, where you can book tickets using your second-generation ID card or passport information.

* Method 2: Scan the QR code to follow the official WeChat account "Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum Museum" to book tickets.

* Method 3: Scan the QR code to follow the official WeChat account "Terracotta Army Ticketing Online" to book tickets.

3. Opening Hours
* Peak Season (March 16 - November 15): 8:30 AM - 6:30 PM. Admittance stops 1 hour before closing; no entry after 5:00 PM.

* Off-Season (November 16 - March 15 the following year): 8:30 AM - 6:00 PM. Admittance stops 1 hour before closing; no entry after 5:00 PM.

* Closed Days: The scenic area is open year-round, including public holidays. However, temporary closure or adjusted opening hours may be implemented under special circumstances (e.g., cultural relics protection, extreme weather). Visitors are advised to follow the official WeChat public account or call the inquiry hotline for confirmation before visiting.

* Friendly Reminders
· The Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum Museum consists of the Terracotta Army Museum and the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum Archaeological Site Park (Lishan Garden).
· Each of these two attractions takes about 1.5 hours to visit, and free shuttle buses are available for round-trip transport.
· Ticket sales for both sites stop at 17:00, so visitors are advised to plan their visit accordingly.

C. Recommended Visiting Route
1. Classic Route (3 hours, suitable for most visitors)
* Stop 1: Pit 1 (about 60 minutes) — First visit the largest Pit 1. Overlook the complete military formation from the 2nd-floor viewing platform to feel the majestic momentum of thousands of warriors; then go downstairs to observe the queue arrangement and costume details of the terracotta warriors up close, establishing an overall understanding of the Terracotta Army.

* Stop 2: Pit 3 (about 30 minutes) — Head to the smallest Pit 3, which is believed to be the "command center" of the army. The unearthed painted terracotta warriors and bronze chariots with a compact layout allow you to focus on the command system of the Qin army.

* Stop 3: Pit 2 (about 40 minutes) — Visit Pit 2, which houses the most diverse arms. Here you can see "high-quality cultural relics" such as general warriors, kneeling archers, and mounted warriors. Especially the well-preserved kneeling archers with clear facial expressions and hair textures are the core spots for photography and craftsmanship appreciation.

* Stop 4: Bronze Chariots and Horses Museum (about 30 minutes) — Finally, visit the "Crown of Bronzes" and admire the exquisite craftsmanship of the two bronze chariots up close, experiencing the luxury and technological level of the imperial carriage of the Qin Dynasty.

* Conclusion: Relic Exhibition Hall (about 20 minutes) — If time permits, browse exhibits such as unearthed weapons and terracotta fragments to supplement historical background knowledge before leaving.

2. In-Depth Route (4-5 hours, suitable for history and culture enthusiasts)
· Based on the classic route, add Lishan Garden of Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s Mausoleum (about 1.5 hours): Take the free shuttle bus from the Terracotta Warriors scenic area (20-minute ride) to visit the burial mound of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, ancestral hall ruins, and Bronze Chariot Burial Pit, intuitively feeling the overall layout of the imperial mausoleum; after returning, you can further explore the special exhibitions in the Relic Exhibition Hall to deeply interpret the Qin civilization.

3. Time-Saving Route (2 hours, suitable for visitors with limited time)
· Focus on core highlights: Pit 1 (40 minutes, experience the scale) — Pit 2 (30 minutes, appreciate the exquisite relics) — Bronze Chariots and Horses Museum (30 minutes, admire the craftsmanship). Skip Pit 3 and the Relic Exhibition Hall to quickly experience the three core charms of the Terracotta Warriors and complete the visit efficiently.

In-Depth Experience Tips
1. Guided Tour & Audio Guide

· Guided Tour: Official guides cost 100 RMB for groups of up to 5 people, with a 1.5-hour tour. Professional and engaging, they provide in-depth interpretation of historical context and relic details.
· Audio Guide: 30 RMB per device (supports Chinese, English, Japanese, Korean, etc.). It can also be accessed via a WeChat mini-program by scanning a QR code for flexible use.
· Notes: Avoid unlicensed guides; choose official services for accurate information.

2. Photography Tips
· Best Shooting Spots: 2nd-floor viewing platform of Pit 1 (panoramic shot of the army), kneeling archer area in Pit 2 (close-up of details), Bronze Chariots and Horses Museum (side light for bronze texture).
· Photography Rules: No flash, tripods, or drones allowed; no touching relics in exhibition areas—maintain a safe distance.
· Lighting Tips: Shoot Pit 1 in direct light in the morning and Pit 2 in side light in the afternoon to avoid dark images from backlighting.

3. Cultural Immersion Activities
· Terracotta Sculpting Experience: Some workshops in the scenic area offer mini terracotta warrior making for 50-100 RMB per person. Finishings can be taken home to experience ancient craftsmanship.
· Qin Culture Lectures: The museum regularly holds free Qin culture lectures (pre-booking required), with experts interpreting historical stories behind the Terracotta Warriors.
· Night Exhibition: "Night Tour of the Terracotta Army" is available on select holidays, with the army formation appearing more mysterious under lights—separate booking required.

Essential Travel Tips

1. Practical Preparation
· Clothing: The scenic area is large with much walking—wear comfortable sneakers. Protect against sun in summer and keep warm in winter (small temperature difference indoors and outdoors).
· Items: Bring ID card (mandatory for entry), drinking water, snacks (food in the scenic area is pricey), sunscreen, hat, and umbrella (rainy season).
· Health: No medical station in the area—carry common medicines (gastrointestinal medicine, band-aids). Wheelchairs or strollers are available for the elderly and children.

2. Avoid Scams & Mistakes
· Reject "Fake Relics": Most "Terracotta Warrior replicas" sold by vendors around the scenic area are low-quality. Buy souvenirs from the museum’s official shop if needed.
· Don’t Trust "Special Access": No extra "fast track" except for the disabled and elderly—avoid scams.

3. Etiquette & Cultural Respect
· Keep Quiet: No loud talking or running in exhibition halls—respect other visitors and the relic protection environment.
· Protect Relics: Touching, climbing, or carving on relics and facilities is strictly prohibited. Violators face fines or legal liability.
· Follow Order: Queue for entry, visits, and tickets. No jumping the queue or crowding—follow staff instructions.

4. Language & Communication
· Scenic Signs: Key signs are bilingual (Chinese and English) for foreign visitors.
· Communication Help: Download translation apps (Baidu Translate, Youdao Translate) to communicate with staff or vendors.
· Emergency Numbers:
· Scenic Area Contact Numbers: 
+86-29-81399127 (Ticketing)
+86-29-81399047 / +86-29-81399048 (Interpretation Services)
+86-29-81399174 (Complaints, Assistance, or Other Inquiries)
· Police 110, First aid 120

FAQs

Q: Can I take photos of the Terracotta Warriors?
A: Yes, but no flash, tripods, or drones. Touching relics in exhibition areas is prohibited.

Q: Do children need tickets?
A: Free of charge for children under 1.2 meters; half-price tickets for those between 1.2 and 1.5 meters.

Q: How long is the ticket valid?
A: Valid for one entry and exit on the day of purchase.

Q: Is re-entry allowed?
A: A re-entry ticket (60 RMB) is required for re-entry.

Q: Is it convenient to visit with children or the elderly?
A: The scenic area has flat walkways. Wheelchairs and strollers are available, and the visiting route is relatively gentle.

Q: Where to buy reliable Terracotta Warrior replicas?
A: The museum’s official shop offers high-quality replicas—your best choice.

The Terracotta Warriors in Xi’an offer a unique glimpse into China’s rich history and the monumental achievements of the Qin Dynasty. A visit to this site is a must for anyone interested in ancient civilizations and archaeological wonders.

Your Way Holiday’s Exclusive Guide to the Terracotta Army in Xi’an and Unmatched Historical Adventures

We design private and tailor-made Xi’an tours customized to your travel style at affordable local prices. You’ll enjoy the comfort of a private, spacious car and the company of a professional local guide with over 5 years of experience, dedicated exclusively to you or your group. From transportation and tickets to authentic dining experiences (we always recommend the dishes most loved by locals), everything will be arranged according to your preferences. Please take a look at some of our most popular Xi’an tours below:

Xi'an 3-Day Tour Package: Unforgettable Highlights & Huashan Mountain Adventure 4 Days Xi'an Tour: Covering Huashan & Luoyang’s Cultural Gems

Not exactly what you’re looking for? Don’t worry — all of our Xi’an tours can be fully customized based on your interests, schedule, and budget. We specialize in creating unique Xi’an experiences that go beyond the guidebook, giving you the chance to truly connect with the local culture and people. Our enthusiastic tour experts are always ready to provide detailed suggestions and will respond to your inquiry within 24 hours. Ready to explore Xi’an your way? Contact us today and let us design a Xi’an shopping experience that fits your style. Your Way Holiday looks forward to your message! We're ready to design an unforgettable Xi’an trip for you anytime.